Let's start by looking at some of the most basic differences. Involves applying reinforcement or punishment after a behavior. Even if you are not a psychology student, you have probably at least heard about Pavlov's dogs. In his famous experiment , Ivan Pavlov noticed dogs began to salivate in response to a tone after the sound had repeatedly been paired with presenting food.
Pavlov quickly realized that this was a learned response and set out to further investigate the conditioning process. Classical conditioning is a process that involves creating an association between a naturally existing stimulus and a previously neutral one.
Sounds confusing, but let's break it down:. The classical conditioning process involves pairing a previously neutral stimulus such as the sound of a bell with an unconditioned stimulus the taste of food.
This unconditioned stimulus naturally and automatically triggers salivating as a response to the food, which is known as the unconditioned response. After associating the neutral stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus, the sound of the bell alone will start to evoke salivating as a response.
The sound of the bell is now known as the conditioned stimulus and salivating in response to the bell is known as the conditioned response. Imagine a dog that salivates when it sees food. The animal does this automatically.
He does not need to be trained to perform this behavior; it simply occurs naturally. The food is the naturally occurring stimulus. If you started to ring a bell every time you presented the dog with food, an association would be formed between the food and the bell.
Eventually the bell alone, a. Classical conditioning is much more than just a basic term used to describe a method of learning; it can also explain how many behaviors form that can impact your health. Consider how a bad habit might form. Even though you have been working out and eating healthy, nighttime overeating keeps tripping up your dieting efforts. Thanks to classical conditioning, you might have developed the habit of heading to the kitchen for a snack every time a commercial comes on while you are watching your favorite television program.
While commercial breaks were once a neutral stimulus, repeated pairing with an unconditioned stimulus having a delicious snack has turned the commercials into a conditioned stimulus. Now every time you see a commercial, you crave a sweet treat. Operant conditioning or instrumental conditioning focuses on using either reinforcement or punishment to increase or decrease a behavior. Through this process, an association is formed between the behavior and the consequences of that behavior.
Imagine that a trainer is trying to teach a dog to fetch a ball. When the dog successfully chases and picks up the ball, the dog receives praise as a reward. When the animal fails to retrieve the ball, the trainer withholds the praise. Eventually, the dog forms an association between the behavior of fetching the ball and receiving the desired reward.
For example, imagine that a schoolteacher punishes a student for talking out of turn by not letting the student go outside for recess. As a result, the student forms an association between the behavior talking out of turn and the consequence not being able to go outside for recess. As a result, the problematic behavior decreases. A number of factors can influence how quickly a response is learned and the strength of the response. The type of reinforcer used can also have an impact on the response.
In addition to being used to train people and animals to engage in new behaviors, operant conditioning can also be used to help people eliminate unwanted ones. Using a system of rewards and punishments, people can learn to overcome bad habits that might have a negative impact on their health such as smoking or overeating. In all examples of operant conditioning , a target behavior is reinforced using consequences.
The main difference between classical and operant conditioning is the way the behavior is conditioned. In classical conditioning, a neutral stimulus is paired with a conditioned response. In classical conditioning, a stimulus comes before the response. In operant conditioning, a behavior comes first and is then rewarded or punished. In classical conditioning, a previously neutral stimulus is paired with an involuntary response. In operant conditioning, a behavior is paired with a consequence.
In classical conditioning, the response or behavior is involuntary, as in dogs salivating. In operant conditioning, the behavior is voluntary, as in dogs choosing to sit.
Both classical and operant conditioning are important in the field of behavioral psychology. All rights reserved. What Is Classical Conditioning? The conditioned stimulus is usually neutral and produces no particular response at first, but after conditioning it elicits the conditioned response. Extinction is the decrease in the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is no longer presented with the conditioned stimulus.
When presented with the conditioned stimulus alone, the individual would show a weaker and weaker response, and finally no response. In classical-conditioning terms, there is a gradual weakening and disappearance of the conditioned response. Related to this, spontaneous recovery refers to the return of a previously extinguished conditioned response following a rest period.
Pavlov was originally studying the saliva of dogs as it related to digestion, but as he conducted his research, he noticed that the dogs would begin to salivate every time he entered the room—even if he had no food. The dogs were associating his entrance into the room with being fed. This led Pavlov to design a series of experiments in which he used various sound objects, such as a buzzer, to condition the salivation response in dogs.
He started by sounding a buzzer each time food was given to the dogs and found that the dogs would start salivating immediately after hearing the buzzer—even before seeing the food. After a period of time, Pavlov began sounding the buzzer without giving any food at all and found that the dogs continued to salivate at the sound of the buzzer even in the absence of food. They had learned to associate the sound of the buzzer with being fed.
Pavlov had successfully associated an unconditioned response natural salivation in response to food with a conditioned stimulus a buzzer , eventually creating a conditioned response salivation in response to a buzzer. With these results, Pavlov established his theory of classical conditioning. Classical conditioning : Before conditioning, an unconditioned stimulus food produces an unconditioned response salivation , and a neutral stimulus bell does not have an effect.
During conditioning, the unconditioned stimulus food is presented repeatedly just after the presentation of the neutral stimulus bell. After conditioning, the neutral stimulus alone produces a conditioned response salivation , thus becoming a conditioned stimulus.
Consider how the conditioned response occurs in the brain. When a dog sees food, the visual and olfactory stimuli send information to the brain through their respective neural pathways, ultimately activating the salivation glands to secrete saliva.
This reaction is a natural biological process as saliva aids in the digestion of food. When a dog hears a buzzer and at the same time sees food, the auditory stimulus activates the associated neural pathways. However, because these pathways are being activated at the same time as the other neural pathways, there are weak synapse reactions that occur between the auditory stimulus and the behavioral response.
Over time, these synapses are strengthened so that it only takes the sound of a buzzer or a bell to activate the pathway leading to salivation. Eysench then extended the research to human personality traits. Desensitizing is a kind of reverse conditioning in which an individual is repeatedly exposed to the thing that is causing the anxiety.
Flooding is similar in that it exposes an individual to the thing causing the anxiety, but it does so in a more intense and prolonged way. Research has demonstrated the effectiveness of classical conditioning in altering human behavior.
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